PASSWORD:

"I gotta the feeling that tonight's gonna be a good good night."

B&B for next class:

EXERCISE 1
Insert formal expression which correspond to the ones in brackets.
1. I ________ to ________ you that our prices have ________. (sorry - tell - gone up)
2. This is ________ to ________ ________ that costs have risen. (because)
3. Unfortunately, I have to ________ you that I ________ not ________ ________ to ________ the meeting. (tell
- can’t - come to)
4. ________ ________ ________ some brochures describing our products. (Here [in this letter] are)
5. We have ________ ________ to increase our prices. (had)
6. You are 90 days past due on invoice #2792, please ________ ________ ________ as soon as possible. (pay
up)
7. Please write ________ ________ ________ any ________ (if you’ve got - questions)
8. Your account is ________ . (in the red)


EXERCISE 2
Transform the following sentences from informal to formal English.
9. We are not going to renew the sole representative agreement again because you haven’t produced enough
business for us.
10. The machine should work because it has been tested.
11. Our bank has told us that you haven’t made this month’s payment.
12. We can’t send you the engineering blueprints on disk until the full joint-venture agreement is signed in full
next month.
13. We’re too busy to go to London for the meeting in this period. Can you come over here?
14. Your client didn’t complete the documents properly. Please get him to do it and then send them back to us
as soon as possible.
15. If you’ve got any problems give me a call.
16. There’s a problem on the computer system. It won’t work between 10 and 12pm tomorrow.
17. This is because we think it’s necessary.
18. We’ll help you if you need it.
19. If we don’t receive payment we’ll call our lawyers.
20. We’ll give you 8 days to solve this problem.

GRAMMAR FOCUS:

Formal/Informal Language:


Use of Contraction
Contracted auxiliary verbs and negatives are common in informal speech and writing. They are not normally used in formal situations.


He has gone. (Formal)
He's gone. (Informal)


Use of prepositions
Prepositions can come at the end of certain structures in informal language. This is not possible in formal language.


Which nation does she belong to? (Informal)
To which nation does she belong? (Formal)


Use of relative pronouns
In informal speech, the relative pronoun can be dropped when it is the object of the clause.


The woman who you are talking about is my boss.(Formal)
The woman you are talking about is my boss. (Informal)


Use of determiners
Some determiners are followed by singular verbs in formal language and plural verbs in informal language.


Neither of the answers is correct. (Formal)
Neither of the answers are correct. (Informal)

GRAMMAR FOCUS:

       Informal/Formal
1. Active Voice /Passive Voice
Our technician repaired the fault on 12th June. Now it’s your turn to pay us.Although the fault was repaired on 12th June, payment for this intervention has still not been received

2. Phrasal Verbs/ Latinate Verbs 
The company laid him off because he didn't work much. His insufficient production conducted to hisdismissal


3. Direct Language /Formulaic Language
 I’m sorry but … We regret to inform you that …

4. Possible use of Slang /No use of Slang 
He had to get some money out of a hole in thewall …He withdrew the amount from an ATM.


5. Personal Form/ Nominator 
If you lose it, then please contact us as soon as possible.
Any loss of this document should be reportedimmediately …


6. Little use of Conjunctions/ Linking Words
 The bank can’t find the payment you say you’ve made.
Notwithstanding that the payment has been sent thebank fails to acknowledge it.


7. Few Revitalized Sentences/ Revitalized Sentences
 Anybody or any company.… any natural person who, and any legal entitywhich …


8. Direct Style /Modal Usage
 If you need any help give us a call.Should you require any assistance, please feel free to contact us


9. 1st Person Singular /1st Person Plural
 I can help you to solve this problem. Call me!We can assist in the resolution of this matter.


SPOKEN: Shorter. Includes intonation, stresses, tone of voice. Loss of initial and final consonants, assimilation of consonants, vowel reduction. Tags, ellition, fillers, exclamations.  Idioms:have a good laugh, colloquial clichés:terribly funny, simple phrasal and compound verbs and limited vocabulary.


WRITTEN: More redundant; with repetitions and duplications. Includes spelling, word choice and punctuation. More complex structures and vocabulary and elaborated sentences.

VOCABULARY: COMPOUND NOUNS "At the airport"

safety announcements

 conveyor belt

 air sickness*

 late cancellation charge

check-in clerk/klɜrk/

delayed departure

 emergency chute/ʃut/*

 hand luggage

 leg room

weigh limit

 excess baggage charge

 travel insurance

 on-line reservation

 Customs procedure

*Air sickness/ air sick: having the feeling that you will vomit because of the movement of an aircraft you are travelling in. Also sea sickness/ travel sickness/ home sickness.
*chute: short of parachute: a narrow, steep slide for objects or people to go down

COLLOQUIAL Language:

DON'T CHA= don't you

WANNA= want to

GONNA= going to

WANTCHA= want you

WIT'CHA= with you

SONGS:

The PASSIVE VOICE

PASSWORD for next class:

I was frisked when we went through security at the airport. 

B&B for next class

Passive Voice Practice:


1. Correct any verb forms which are impossible or inappropriate:
a. A lot of homes in the are have been being broken into by burglars. have been broken into
b. As I drove south, I could see that the old road was rebuilding............................................
c. I suppose the letter will have been delivered by now..........................................................
d. There is nothing more annoying than been interrupted when you're speaking.......................
e. Jim was been given the sack from his new job...................................................................
f. Somehow without my noticing my wallet have been dissappeared.......................................

2. Both sentences in each pair have the same meaning. Complete the second sentence:

a. The crowd was slowly filling the huge satdium
The huge stadium was slowly being filled by the crowd.

b. The inventor of the computer simplified the work of the accountants.
Since the computer ..............the work of the accountants..............simplified.

c. Someone has suggested that the shop should close.
It..........................................that the shop shoud close.

d. "I'de take out some travel insurance if I were you, Mr Smith"
Mr Smith...............................take out some travel insurance.

e. The waitress will bring your drinks in a moment.
Your drinks.....................................in a moment.

f. Someone used a knife to open the window.
This window..............a knife.

3. Rewrite each sentence in the passive, omitting the words underlined:
a. Someone left the phone off the hook all night. The phone was left off the hook all night.
b. The government has announced that petrol prices will rise tomorrow.
c. A burglar broke into our house last week.
d. People asked me the way three times.
e. The fruit-pickers pick the apples early in the morning.
f. It's time the authorities did something about this problem.

4. Underline any uses of the agent which are unnecessary.
a. My jewellery has been stolen by a thief!
b. It has been decided by the authorities that Wednesday will be a school holiday.
c. Harry was pushed over by someone standing next ti him in the queue.
d. The goods are transported by rail to our warehouse in the Midlands.
e. I was told by someone that you have a vacancy for a computer operator.
f. Sue has been picked by the selectors for the national event.

FOCUS on GRAMMAR:

The Passive Voice:

The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the "normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice.


In an active sentence, the person or thing responsible for the action in the sentence comes first.
In a passive sentence, the person or thing acted on comes first, and the actor can be added at the end, introduced with the preposition "by." The event or the action is more important than the actor or agent.

When do I use passive voice?

• When the actor is unknown:
The cave paintings of Lascaux were made in the Upper Old Stone Age. [We don't know who made them.]


• When the actor is irrelevant:
An experimental solar power plant will be built in the Australian desert. [We are not interested in who is building it.]


• When the actor is a generalized actor or agent
Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport. (people in general )


• When the actor is obvious
Linda has been arrested (we assume by the police)


• When you want to be vague/veɪg/ or impersonal about who is responsible for an action:
Lots of mistakes were made. 
It has been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%.


• When you are talking about a general truth:
Rules are made to be broken. [By whomever, whenever.]


• When you want to emphasize the person or thing acted on. 
Insulin was first discovered in 1921 by researchers at the University of Toronto. It is still the only treatment available for diabetes.


• When you are writing in a scientific genre: lab reports and scientific research papers.
The sodium hydroxide was dissolved in water. This solution was then titrated with hydrochloric acid.*


*In this sentence you can count on your reader to know that you are the one who did the dissolving and the titrating. The passive voice places the emphasis on your experiment rather than on you.

"PEPAS" cookies

RECIPE:

Ingredients:

1 egg, 150g of butter, 250g of plain flour, 

100g of icing sugar, the grated skin of an orange.

                                                                          Procedure:
                                            Mix all the ingredients together in a bowl.
                                            Place them in the fridge for about 20 minutes.
                                            Remove from the fridge and make small balls with the dough. 
                                            Place a square of quince over each and set them on a buttered tray.
                                            Cook them in the oven for about 20’ until the bottom is brown.

VOCABULARY: At the Airport

flight attendant 

 carry-on luggage 

 departure lounge

 domestic flight

 jet lag 

 overbooked flight

 shuttle bus 

 round trip ticket

 isle seat 

 duty free 

 baggage claim 

 to frisk 

to check in

 to stop over: to stay at a place for a short period of time on the way to somewhere else or before returning home.
a stopover: a short stay at a place while in the middle of a trip

SONG:

PASSWORD for next class

After two hours spent looking for our lost trench at the airport, 
we realized we were on a wild goose chase.

B&B:

Write down a dialogue between you and the passport control officer/ Customs officer
right after arriving The USA. Use questions in GRAMMAR FOCUS.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Questions at different areas of the airport:

Passport control:

1. Where are you from?

2. How long are you going to be in .....?

3. Have you been to ............ before?

4. Where are you going to stay?

5. What is the purpose of your visit?

6. Do you speak ..............?

7. How often do you travel abroad?

8. Which countries do you normally visit?

9. Are you travelling alone or with more people?

10. May I see your return ticket?

Customs:

1. Have you packed your luggage yourself?

2. Are you aware of the content of your suitcases?

3. Do you have any sharp objects such as scissors in your luggage?

4. Have you left your bags unattended at all? 

5. What Do You Have in Your Pockets?

New wors/ phrases in the song: "United Breaks guitars"

tarmac: /ˈtɑr·mæk/ n [U]an area of ground covered with a hard surface, esp. the areas of an airport where aircraft park, land, and take off.

liable /ˈlɑɪ·ə·bəl/ adj [+ to infinitive] likely to do, happen, or experience something.

"pass the buck": to leave a difficult problem for someone else to deal with.

wild-goose chase(idiomatic) (figuratively) A futile search, a fruitless errand; a useless and often lengthy pursuit.
I went on a wild-goose chase all over the town looking for that adapter until I discovered they no longer make them.
A task whose execution is inordinately complex relative to the value of the outcome. Diagnosing this software application's problems is a wild-goose chase because it is built in an environment that has poor debugging tools.

Song: United Breaks Guitars

PASSWORD for next class:

"We are all in this together!"

B&B for next class:

Choose one of the films and find something funny or odd about it:

• The Terminal
• Pirates of the Caribbean
• The day after tomorrow
• The Mask of The Zorro
• The Last Samurai
• Madagascar
• Minority Report
• Gladiator

                       WE are ALL in this TOGETHER!!!!
 I woke up this morning I suddenly realised We're all in this together
 I started smiling 'Cause you were smiling And we're all in this together
 I'm made of atoms You're made of atoms And we're all in this together. 
 And long division just doesn't matter 'Cause we're all in this together...yeah
 I saw you walking In the city We're all in this together 
 The city's changing cause we are changing and we're all in this together 
 every 12 seconds someone remembers that we're all in this together 
 In the kitchen of your rent control apartment we're all in this together
 come on baby i don't mean to rush you I only wanted to reach out and touch you
 I've got to start to open my heart
 I know you think about jumping ship before it sinks
 but we are all in this together 
 ask a scientist it's quantum physics we are all in this together
 and on the subway we feel like strangers but we're all in this together yeah
 i love you and you love her and she loves him But we're all in this together
 You know baby there's never been protection and all the history of human connection
 come on darling its alright to show me 
 you dont ever need to be lonely once you start to open your heart
 I saw you crying I started crying cause we're all in this together
 and then religion is a big decision but we're all in this together